Tổng quan về ô nhiễm không khí trong nhà do chất đốt sinh khối và nguy cơ sức khỏe (A review on indoor air pollution due to biomass smoke and health risks)
Tóm tắt
Khoảng một phần ba dân số thế giới sử dụng các chất hữu cơ như phân động vật, mùn cưa, gỗ, than củi, rơm rạ, vỏ trấu v.v. làm nhiên liệu để đun nấu, sưởi ấm và chiếu sáng. Nguồn nhiên liệu này được gọi là chất đốt sinh khối và việc sử dụng các nhiên liệu này đã gây ô nhiễm môi trường không khí trong nhà, tá đông xấu tới sức khỏe cộng đồng tại nhiều quốc qua trên thế giới. Nhiều bằng chứng cho thấy phơi nhiễm với các chất ô nhiễm trong khói chất đốt sinh khối làm tăng nguy cơ mắc các bệnh đường hô hấp (như viêm phổi, bệnh lao, bệnh phổi tắc nghẽn mãn tính, ung thư phổi và hen suyễn), cân nặng sơ sinh thấp, đục thủy tinh thể và các bệnh lý về tim mạch. Đây là một trong những mối đe dọa lớn tới sức khỏe toàn cầu, đồi hỏi cần có nhiều nỗ lực để phòng chống thông qua các nghiên cứu, chính sách và chương trình can thiệp. Tuy nhiên, vấn đề này chưa được quan tâm đúng đắn, đặc biệt là ở các nước đang phát triển, trong đó có Việt Nam. Ở nước ta, hiện có rất ít nghiên cứu tìm hiểu về những ảnh hưởng của khói chất đốt sinh khối tới sức khỏe cộng đồng và chưa có những giải pháp phù hợp để hạn chế những tác động có hại tới môi trường và sức khỏe của khói chất đốt sinh khối. Bài báo này tổng quan các thông tin sẵn có từ các nghiên cứu được công bố trên cơ sở dữ liệu Science Direct về thực trạng sử dụng chất đốt sinh khối, ô nhiễm không khí trong nhà do khói chất đốt sinh khối và nguy cơ sức khỏe cộng đồng, một số giải pháp hiệu quả giúp giảm nguy cơ… từ đó đưa ra một số khuyến nghị về vấn đề này tại Việt Nam.
English abstract
It is estimated that animal dung, sawdust, wood, coal, chaff, dried straw, hay, and other crop residues, etc. are being used by approximately one third of the world's population as their fuel sources for cooking, lighting and heating at home. These energy sources are called biomass fuels and their uses have become sources for indoor air pollution, bringing negative health impacts for the community in many countries worldwide. Scientific evidence shows that being exposed to hazards in biomass smoke increases risks of having various diseases, such as respiratory diseases (e.g. pneumonia, tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and asthma), low birth weight, cataracts, and cardiovascular problems. Biomass smoke is one of the major global public health problems requiring greater attention and investment for risk management through research, policy-making and intervention programs. However, in developing countries, including Viet Nam, biomass smoke and its negative health impacts have not been given adequate attention. To date, there have been very few publications on international peer review journals and studies on impacts of biomass smoke on public health in the country. This article reviews the available national and international information (available in ScienceDirect Database) on the current status of biomass fuel use, indoor air pollution due to biomass smoke and potential health risks, effective measures to reduce the health risks due to being exposed to biomass smoke and recommendations made for this issue in Viet Nam.
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